Emission Factor Sources
Every carbon calculation stands on a source database. This directory covers the government factor sets, LCA databases and spend-based models we rely on — what each one is for, who publishes it, and how it's licensed.
24 sources · Curated by NetNada · Last updated July 2026
Sources with a detail page include coverage, methodology and a ready-to-copy citation. Cards without one link to the publisher's official site. Looking for the factors themselves? Browse the emission factors database .
DISER (NGA Factors)
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW)
Australia's official factor set — the National Greenhouse Accounts Factors, published annually. The source behind every factor in the NetNada emission factors database.
EXIOBASE
EXIOBASE Consortium
The open global input-output database for spend-based emissions estimation — 163 industries, 44 countries and 5 rest-of-world regions covering ~95% of global GDP.
CEDA
Watershed (originally VitalMetrics)
The highest-resolution spend-based database — around 60,000 factors across 400 industries and 148 countries, with a free Open CEDA tier and a commercial enterprise tier.
EPA GHG Emission Factors Hub
US Environmental Protection Agency
The default factor set for US operations — fuels, eGRID electricity, transport, refrigerants and waste, refreshed by the EPA each year.
UK Government GHG Conversion Factors
Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)
The annually updated UK company-reporting factors (formerly DEFRA/BEIS). Widely borrowed internationally for business travel, freight and hotel stays.
ecoinvent
ecoinvent Association
The reference life cycle inventory database for product footprinting and LCA. Commercial licence, unmatched process-level depth.
IPCC Emission Factor Database
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The defaults behind national greenhouse gas inventories worldwide. The fallback when no country-specific factor exists.
GHG Protocol Calculation Tools
World Resources Institute & WBCSD
Calculation tools and factors published by the body that writes the accounting rules — useful defaults where no national set applies.
NZ Measuring Emissions Guide
Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)
The official factor set for New Zealand operations — fuels, electricity, freight, waste and working-from-home, updated each year.
AusLCI
Australian Life Cycle Assessment Society (ALCAS)
Australias national LCI database — the process-level detail behind Australian product footprints and EPDs.
GLEC Framework
Smart Freight Centre
The standard method and factors for freight and logistics emissions — road, rail, sea, air and transhipment, aligned with ISO 14083.
IEA Emission Factors
International Energy Agency
Comprehensive country-by-country electricity factors — the commercial reference for multinational scope 2 reporting.
Ember
Ember
Free, open electricity grid intensities for most countries, derived from generation data. The open alternative to commercial grid datasets.
AIB European Residual Mixes
Association of Issuing Bodies
The European residual mix factors for market-based scope 2 accounting — the EU equivalent of Australias residual mix factor.
ADEME Base Empreinte
ADEME (French Agency for Ecological Transition)
The French government factor database. Exceptionally broad coverage, and the backbone of carbon accounting in France.
Agribalyse
ADEME
Farm-to-shelf life cycle factors for thousands of food products — the go-to for food and beverage footprints.
EU CBAM Default Values
European Commission
Default embedded-emission values for CBAM-covered goods — cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilisers, hydrogen and electricity.
USEEIO
US Environmental Protection Agency
Open spend-based factors for 400+ US sectors — the public-domain option for US purchased goods and services.
Climate TRACE
Climate TRACE Coalition
Facility-level global emissions estimates from satellites and AI — independent observation rather than self-reported data.
Cloud Carbon Footprint
Cloud Carbon Footprint (open source)
The open methodology for cloud computing emissions — AWS, Azure and GCP usage converted to CO₂-e.
Canada National GHG Inventory
Environment and Climate Change Canada
The official factor source for Canadian operations, including provincial electricity intensities.
ICE Database (Circular Ecology)
Circular Ecology
The ICE embodied-carbon database for construction materials — concrete, steel, timber and hundreds more.
WRAP Food & Drink Factors
WRAP
Scope 3 factors purpose-built for food and drink businesses, from the NGO behind the UKs food waste roadmap.
PCAF European Building Emission Factor Database
Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials
Building-level factors for banks and investors measuring financed emissions in property portfolios under PCAF.
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