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Liquid Fuels Scope 1 (Direct — fuel combustion)

Aviation Turbine Fuel (Jet Kerosene)

Reviewed by Afonso Firmo, Co-Founder & Director · Updated 7 July 2026

Aviation turbine fuel (jet kerosene) emits 2.5837 kg CO₂-e per litre in aircraft (NGA Factors 2025). Worked examples, calculator and NGER guidance.

Emission Factor Value

2.5837 kg CO₂-e/litre

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Estimated emissions

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Jet fuel burned in aircraft you operate is Scope 1. Calculated as litres × 2.5837 kg CO₂-e/L (NGA Factors 2025, Table 9). Add 0.6624 kg CO₂-e/L separately for upstream Scope 3.

Official Source & Citation

This emission factor is sourced from the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts Factors 2025 , Table 9 — Fuels used for transport energy purposes, published by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW).

Citation: DCCEEW (2025). Australian National Greenhouse Accounts Factors 2025. Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/publications/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-2025

View official publication ↗

Notes

Derived from NGA Factors 2025 Table 9: energy content 36.8 GJ/kL × combined Scope 1 emission factor 70.21 kg CO₂-e/GJ = 2,583.7 kg CO₂-e/kL, i.e. 2.5837 kg CO₂-e per litre. The upstream (Scope 3) factor is 18 kg CO₂-e/GJ (0.6624 kg CO₂-e/litre), reported separately. Renewable aviation kerosene (SAF) is 0.61 kg CO₂-e/GJ (0.0224 kg/L).

Calculation Example

If a regional turboprop operation consumed 35,000 litres of jet fuel during the year:

Working Result
35,000 L × 2.5837 kg CO₂-e/L = 90,429.5 kg CO₂-e 90.43 tonnes CO₂-e (Scope 1)

Aviation fuel burns fast and adds up faster: a single corporate jet can out-emit an entire vehicle fleet. For operators, every litre of jet kerosene uplifted is a Scope 1 emission; for the businesses buying the flights, the same litres reappear as Scope 3 business travel.

The factor below applies to aviation turbine fuel used in aircraft under the NGA Factors 2025, for the 2025–26 reporting year. Operators can apply it directly to uplift records, or automate it with a Scope 1 and 2 calculator.

Quick Verdict

Aviation turbine fuel (jet kerosene) burned in aircraft in Australia emits 2.5837 kg CO₂-e per litre, reported under Scope 1 by the aircraft operator. The factor is derived from an energy content of 36.8 GJ/kL and the combined emission factor of 70.21 kg CO₂-e/GJ in Table 9 of the NGA Factors 2025. It applies to airlines, charter operators, aeromedical services and any organisation operating turbine aircraft. Upstream fuel-supply emissions add 0.6624 kg CO₂-e per litre under Scope 3. Renewable aviation kerosene (SAF) cuts the combustion factor by about 99%, to 0.0224 kg CO₂-e per litre.

How to Calculate Jet Fuel Emissions

Emissions (kg CO₂-e) = Litres of jet fuel × 2.5837

Or in NGA energy terms: E (t CO₂-e) = kL × 36.8 GJ/kL × 70.21 kg CO₂-e/GJ ÷ 1,000.

Worked Example 1: Regional Turboprop Operation

A regional operator’s turboprop uplifts 35,000 litres of jet fuel over the year.

35,000 L × 2.5837 = 90,429.5 kg CO₂-e

90.43 tonnes CO₂-e (Scope 1)

Worked Example 2: Charter Operator

A charter business consumes 80,000 litres across its fleet.

80,000 L × 2.5837 = 206,696 kg CO₂-e

206.70 tonnes CO₂-e (Scope 1)

Worked Example 3: Corporate Jet

A company jet flies an assumed 250 hours at 400 L/hour — 100,000 litres.

250 hours × 400 L/hour = 100,000 L

100,000 L × 2.5837 = 258,370 kg CO₂-e

258.37 tonnes CO₂-e (Scope 1)

How Jet Fuel Compares to Other Transport Fuels

Fuel (transport use)Scope 1 factor (kg CO₂-e/L)
Diesel (cars & LCVs)2.7178
Aviation turbine fuel2.5837
Petrol2.3126
Aviation gasoline (avgas)2.2395
LPG (transport)1.5982
Renewable aviation kerosene (SAF)0.0224

All values from NGA Factors 2025, Table 9.

NGER and AASB S2 Reporting

Jet fuel combusted domestically is Scope 1 transport energy under the NGER scheme and must be reported by operators meeting the thresholds. Under AASB S2, operated aircraft sit in Scope 1 while chartered and commercial flights appear in Scope 3 — the same litres, allocated by who controls the aircraft.

Related Emission Factors

Aviation Gasoline

2.2395 kg CO₂-e/litre

Renewable Aviation Kerosene

0.0224 kg CO₂-e/litre

Kerosene

2.5916 kg CO₂-e/litre

Diesel (Transport)

2.7178 kg CO₂-e/litre

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the emission factor for aviation turbine fuel in Australia?
Aviation turbine fuel (jet kerosene) emits 2.5837 kg CO₂-e per litre when used in aircraft, under the NGA Factors 2025. It is derived from an energy content of 36.8 GJ/kL and the combined Scope 1 factor of 70.21 kg CO₂-e/GJ in Table 9.
Who reports jet fuel emissions — the operator or the passenger?
The aircraft operator reports the combustion as Scope 1. Organisations buying flights or chartering aircraft capture the same emissions as Scope 3 business travel. If you own and operate aircraft, the fuel is unambiguously your Scope 1.
How do I measure aviation fuel consumption?
Use fuel uplift records in litres from refuelling dockets or supplier invoices — this is the standard NGER activity data. Flight-hour estimates multiplied by typical burn rates are a fallback for gap-filling, and should be documented as assumptions.
Does the factor include upstream fuel production emissions?
No. The 2.5837 kg/L covers combustion only. The NGA Factors publish an upstream factor of 18 kg CO₂-e/GJ — about 0.6624 kg CO₂-e per litre — for extraction, refining and distribution, reported under Scope 3.
How does jet fuel compare with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)?
Renewable aviation kerosene has a transport factor of just 0.61 kg CO₂-e/GJ (0.0224 kg CO₂-e/L) because its CO₂ is biogenic — a reduction of about 99% in reportable Scope 1 emissions per litre. For blends, apply each factor to its share of the fuel.
What about avgas — is that the same factor?
No. Aviation gasoline (avgas), used in piston-engine aircraft, has a lower factor of 2.2395 kg CO₂-e per litre, based on 33.1 GJ/kL and 67.66 kg CO₂-e/GJ. Jet kerosene powers turbine aircraft; avgas powers piston aircraft.
Do international flights count in Australian reporting?
NGER covers fuel combusted domestically; fuel for international aviation is generally excluded from national scheme obligations and tracked separately under international frameworks such as CORSIA. Under AASB S2, however, a group's material aviation emissions should be disclosed regardless of route.
Where does the jet fuel emission factor come from?
From the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts Factors 2025 published by DCCEEW. Table 9 lists aviation turbine fuel with an energy content of 36.8 GJ/kL and a combined factor of 70.21 kg CO₂-e/GJ for use in aircraft.

Disclaimer

This page is provided for general information, not professional or compliance advice. The factor shown is reproduced from the official publication cited above, and while we work to keep it current, government factors change — the publication is always the authoritative source.

  • Before using this value in any formal reporting — including under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 — confirm it against the current official publication and the methods specified by the Clean Energy Regulator.
  • NetNada is independent of the Australian Government, DCCEEW, and the Clean Energy Regulator. Government data is Crown copyright, Commonwealth of Australia.
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